Alkali Aggregate Reaction in Concrete

Alkali Aggregate Reaction in Concrete Concrete is one of the most construction material composed of water, coarse and fine aggregate and cement (binder)which fills the space between aggregate and stick them together. Concrete production is time-sensitive. Concrete become stronger and capable of bearing loads with the initiation of hardening process. There are two types of concrete, ready mix plants and central mix plants. A ready mix plant is the mix of all ingredients except water, while a central mix plant is the mix of all ingredients with water; this method needs more quality control than ready mix (Neville, 1996). After mixing all ingredient and place it, curing the concrete is absolutely essential to achieve best strength and hardness. For achieving the strength, cement needs a moist and controlled environment. Good concrete elements are the elements which has a good durability. Durability is defined as the ability of concrete to resist chemical attack, abrasion and during its life time. If the concrete elements have factors below, they will remain durable; The cement paste has low permeability Its better to made with well graded aggregate. The ingredient should have minimum impurities such as Sulphates, Chlorides, alkali and etc. So in the absence of one or more of these factors, the concrete will face with the durability problem. Two major types of durability problem are: (ACI 201.2R-08, 2008) Durability against physical action Durability against Chemical action Physical durability consists of: Temperature stresses Freezing and thawing action And chemical durability consists of: (Neville, 1996) Sulfate attack Chloride ingress Corrosion Alkali Aggregate Reaction 2.2 Alkali Aggregate Reaction 2.2.1 Background Thomas Stanton (Munn et. al., 2011) at California Department of Transportation detected cracking in concrete which was occurred due to certain aggregate reacting with cement alkalis for the first time; therefore he called this phenomena Alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR). Since then, several scientists continue researching on AAR, with the main areas of focus as: (Fournier Berube, 2000) Better understanding of mechanism of AAR in concrete. Identification of reactive aggregate and developing test methods to assess the reactivity of aggregates. Developing new method to prevent initiation of AAR in new structures Developing remedies for rehabilitation of existing structures affected by AAR. 2.2.2 Alkali Aggregate Reaction (AAR) When a highly basic fluid which consist of alkali hydroxides ions like (K+, Na+ Ùâ‚ ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬ OH) fill the pores in concrete and the aggregate in concrete are chemically unstable in the high pH environment, the concrete encounter with distresses such as cracking, losing serviceability, and etc. (Fournier Berube, 2000). This internal chemical reaction is recognized as alkali aggregate-reaction (AAR). The source of alkalinity in these phenomena is from cement and aggregate but some external sodium or potassium can contribute the reaction (Munn et. al., 2011). The reaction cause the formation of a gel which absorbs water and then expands, due to this internal pressure, the micro cracks gradually appear. (ACI 221.1R-98, 1998) Two types of AAR are generally recognized: 1) Alkali- carbonate reaction (ACR) and 2) Alkali Silica reaction (ASR) . 2.2.2.1 Alkali-Carbonate Reaction (ACR) Argillaceous dolomitic limestones are susceptible to this reaction. Two mechanisms contribute to the carbonate reaction: 1) Crystallization of brucite and calcite during the dedolomitision and 2) Sorption of alkalis by clay. The dedolomitision causes expansion CaMg(CO3)2 + 2 (Na,K)OH à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Mg( OH )2 + CaCO3 + ( Na,K )2CO3 Dolomite This reaction is known to not to occur frequently to this phenomenon are less common and suitable for using in concrete industry (Fournier Berube, 2000). The aggregate sensitive to ACR have characteristics texture which can identify by some tests such as ASTM C 441 or ASTM C586-11. The dedolomitisation involves the reaction of alkali carbonates with portlandite in concrete and yield to reform alkali hydroxides (Fournier Berube, 2000). (Na,K)2CO3 + Ca (OH ) 2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ CaCO3 + 2 ( Na, K) OH No gel is produced as a result of this reaction. Recently the theory which was introducing by Katyama (Katyama, 2010) in the early of 20th century suggests that ACR is the combined reaction of dedolomitisation of dolomitic aggregate and expansive ASR of cryptocrystalline was confirmed by using tests like SEM observation, polished section and etc. (Katayama, 2010) 2.2.2.2 Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) Alkali-silica reaction is relatively more common and it has negative effect on the mechanical properties of concrete (Marzouk Langdon, 2000) this reaction is between alkaline pore solution and silica mineral like cryptocrystalline quartz and opal. Higher solubility of silica mineral in high pH solutions means higher likelihood of reaction occurrence. The reaction yields the formation a gel that absorbs water and expands in moist areas (Munn et. al., 2011). The expansive pressure by the silica gel causes crackings and deteriorations in concrete. The quantity of gel depends on the amount of silica; if the amount of silica increases, the expansion will be increased. The composition of this gel has been studied by several of researchers (Lindgard et al., 2012); they stated that, this gel has high contents of silica and low contents of calcium and alkalis. The formation of silica gel depends on composition and the texture of the aggregate but the composition of silica gel doesnt depend on the nature of aggregate. Two categories of ASR are recognized: Quartz- bearing rock which reacts slowly in the early ages and then the expansion and cracks start to appear from 10 to even 25 years of concrete, when concrete is exposed to conditions favoring the reactions The rocks incorporate with Silica. This type of rocks contributes to extensive expansion and cracking on the early age of concrete when concrete is exposed to conditions favoring the reactions ASR damages both macroscopic and microscopic properties of material, for instance; for macroscopic damages, the changes in length can be mentioned, as Hayman et.al.(Hayman et al., 2010) stated that deleterious of concrete is when the expansion greater than 0.040%. For microscopic damages, significant difference between modules of elasticity of the gel and cement paste or aggregate can be mentioned (Chen et al., 2010).

Duck, Duck, God Essay

The premise of the â€Å"Duck Dynasty† reality program is duck, duck, God. The Christian based series revolves around the Robertson family and their duck- call business. The series is entertaining and honestly meets my Christian ethics better than any other show on television. First on the agenda is the introduction to the Duck Commander crew then the connection between my values and the Robertson families’ ethics concerning prayer, respect, and family unity. Phil Robertson invented and perfected the world-famous product throughout a thirty-year period. Phil and Miss Kay are the parents of four sons two of which have served in Christian Ministry professionally God-fearing and family-oriented is the best way to describe the crew. Truly, God has blessed the loving family in a million ways. The television show did influence my view of what family is; therefore, this prompted me to investigate the redneck family. â€Å"Duck Dynasty† is clean family entertainment. The Robertson’s boldly express their Christian conviction both on and off camera according to The Christian Chronicle (Ross Jr.2012.) The Ten Commandments are used as a rulebook at the Duck Commander. The small family ran business is a wildly successful. The glory of the Duck Commander is given to the Lord. The strong Christian credence took hold of the bunch as they witnessed the amazing change in their father’s life. Phil Robertson, was a drunken dummy lost in a world of hurt until the age of twenty-eight. The family’s life totally shifted to a great extreme documented in The Christian Chronicle (Ross Jr. 2012) when he accepted Jesus Christ into his heart. God took Phil from dummy to dynasty. The family believes and therefore, receives all that God has to offer. The show focuses on prayer, respect, and family unity. My Christian values alien with those of the Commander crew. The actions and words of the bearded boys uncover their deeply faithful souls. Hey Jack, hey, it is a fact; prayer is where it is at. Each episode ends with the family sitting around the dinner table, heads lowered in reverence, as the head of the household sends words of praise to the Lord in prayer. The Christian Chronicle stated the words ending the prayers in ‘Jesus’ name we pray ends up on the cutting-room floor every program (Ross Jr.2012.) The same practice is one traditionally taught in my own home. Call upon the Lord at any time in prayer and he will continually be there. Goodness, respecting God, others, and one’s self is a solitary action vitally associated with Christian values. The series unfolds the importance of respect among the Robertson group. The program displays respect toward elders equally when ideas and opinions differ. The thoughts of Uncle Si often differ from the main stream; however, the family always treats him with an adoring esteem. Respect is infectious; thus, respecting the Lord demands the respect of others. The men indicate a pronounced level of admiration toward the women continuously. Robertson children clearly display a pronounced level of respect toward their parents. â€Å"Duck Dynasty† accurately connects with my Christian mindset. The combination of prayer, respect, and family unity fostered by faith is the law behind the Duck Commanders family. The bunch works, plays, and prays together. The importance of family love is soaked into the spirit of each individual. The series reflects the family values of the duck crew. Family unity binds the souls of both natural and adopted members. The platform reveals the genuine relationships. Willie and Korie added to their family both through adoption and through fostering children, I agree Christian’s are responsible for delivering devoted guidance for all children in need, I believe we all should be united as a family in the good Christian fight. Redneck, Christian entertainment is enlightening and fun for everyone. The â€Å"Duck Dynasty† series closely aligns with my own Christian beliefs concerning prayer, respect, and family unity. The reality is the Robertson family is deeply devoted to the Christian faith; however, much of the religious zeal is not presented on the platform; because of, Hollywood’s unethical choices. Duck, duck, God the weekly episode is a breath of fresh-air. The hairy, hunting clan is devoted to their Christian position both on television and through guest evangelic speaking. â€Å"Duck Dynasty† is not associated with a Christian platform taking a profound stand for Christ. My values connect directly with those of the Robertson family. As a Christian, I intensely appreciate their courageous, unusual, stand. References Ross Jr., B. (2012, November). Faith, family, and ducks: Behind the scenes of â€Å"Duck Dynasty†. The Christian Chronicle.

Classical Music And Modern Music - 2002 Words

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Gender Differences in TV - Malcolm in the Middle Essay

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